Ap macroeconomics 2021 free response questions set 1 answers - output level labeled Y1, and the equilibrium price level labeled PL1. One point is earned for drawing a correctly labeled vertical long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve with full employment output labeled Y f to the right of the short-run equilibrium output level, Y 1 .

 
Answers to Sample Long Free-Response Questions 1. Every society has the fundamental problem of scarcity. (A) What is scarcity? Scarcity exists because there are limited resources to fulfill unlimited wants. (B) What three questions must every society answer because of scarcity? What to produce and. 5 for 5 wendy

The AP Macroeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections.AP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association isAP® Macroeconomics FRQ Tips 1. Know the best bets for the two short FRQs. More than likely, the two short free-response questions on the AP® Macro exam will include one of the following topics: Exchange rates, foreign exchange markets, determinants of exchange rates; Effect of a change in deposits in the banking system, using the money multiplierThe free-response section includes three long essay questions (worth 10 points each) and four short-answer questions (worth 4 points each). Questions will test your ability to: Explain, analyze, and interpret models and representations of chemical properties or phenomena; Design experiments and procedures to test a prediction or theory2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. 23 1 N 0 6.02 10 mol Universal gas constant, R 8.31 J (mol K) < Boltzmann’s constant, 1.38 10 J K 23 k B Electron charge magnitude, e 1.60 10 C 19. 1 electron volt, 1 eV 1.60 10 J 19. Speed of light, c 3.00 10 m s. 8. Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 10 N m k 11 2 2 < g Acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface, g. 9.8 m s. 2 ...3 Questions. Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. You may begin writing your responses before the reading period is over. 55 questions 1hr 20mins 50% of Score. The multiple-choice section includes individual, single questions as well as sets of questions. You’ll be asked to: Describe, explain, and compare political concepts and processes. Apply Supreme Court decisions in real-life scenarios. Analyze data in graphs, charts, tables, maps, or infographics.AP® Macroeconomics 2010 Free-Response Questions The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.This is the deadline for you to submit your AP Seminar Individual Research Report and Individual Written Argument performance tasks as final in the AP Digital Portfolio, and for your teacher to score all presentations. Add to Calendar. See Assessment Timeline. APRIL 30, 2024, 11:59 PM EDT.About the Exam. The AP Calculus BC Exam will test your understanding of the mathematical concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to determine the proper formulas and procedures to use to solve problems and communicate your work with the correct notations. A graphing calculator is permitted for parts of the exam.3 questions 1hr 15mins 50% of Score. In the free-response section, you’ll respond to three questions with written answers. All three will present an authentic geographic situation or scenario, and at least two will ask you to explain and analyze spatial relationships across geographic scales. The first question will have text only. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.Answers to Sample Long Free-Response Questions 1. Every society has the fundamental problem of scarcity. (A) What is scarcity? Scarcity exists because there are limited resources to fulfill unlimited wants. (B) What three questions must every society answer because of scarcity? What to produce and2019 AP ® PSYCHOLOGY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -2-PSYCHOLOGY . SECTION II . Time—50 minutes . Percent of total score— 33 1 3 Directions: You have 50 minutes to answer BOTH of the following questions. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts.Get exam information and free-response questions with sample answers you can use to practice for the AP Macroeconomics Exam. AP ® Macroeconomics 2022 Free-Response Questions . 1. Assume a country’s economy is operating below full employment. (a) Draw a correctly labeled graph of aggregate demand, short-run aggregate supply, and long-run aggregate supply, and show each of the following. (i) The current equilibrium real output and price level, labeled as Y1 and PL. 1Subject Organization. Albert’s AP® Macroeconomics multiple choice questions (located in the Practice tab) and free response questions (located in the Free Response tab) are organized in accordance with the College Board’s 2020 AP® Macroeconomics Course and Exam Description into the following units: Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts.View the correct answers for activities in the learning path. This procedure is for activities that are not provided by an app in the toolbar. Some MindTap courses contain only activities provided by apps. Click an activity in the learning path. Turn on Show Correct Answers. View Aplia Answer Keys. View the correct answers for Aplia™ activities. Interpret and manipulate economic models in the context of an open, international market. Learn how how economic activity between nations must be facilitated by complex currency exchange markets. Explain the connections between macroeconomic variables and the international movement of goods, services, and financial capital. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.The AP® Macroeconomics exam is split into multiple choice questions and free response questions. So, in order to score big on your AP® Macro exam, you’ve got to score big on the AP® Macroeconomics multiple choice. This post is designed to help you do just that! In this post, you’ll find 6 helpful tips for your AP® Macroeconomics review. MACROECONOMICS Section I Time-—70 minutes 60 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. l. In a mixed economy, what to produce and howMacroeconomics Old Tests. (revised 5/16/11) Exam 1--Recent Examples: Spring 11 ; Fall 06 ; Spring 04; Fall 04; Fall 03 Exam 2--Recent Examples: Spring 11 Test with key (key contains errors) and Audio discussion Fall 09: Test with key Audio discussion ; Fall 07 ; Spring 05 ; Fall 04 Exam 3 comprehensive exams, except as noted): Spring 11 Test ...2019 AP ® PSYCHOLOGY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -2-PSYCHOLOGY . SECTION II . Time—50 minutes . Percent of total score— 33 1 3 Directions: You have 50 minutes to answer BOTH of the following questions. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. 2019 AP ® MICROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MICROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.AP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association isAP ® Microeconomics 2021 Free-Response Questions . 1. The government of an island nation grants SkyRunner Airlines exclusive monopoly rights to serve the island. SkyRunner is earning positive economic profits. (a) Draw a correctly labeled graph for SkyRunner, and show each of the following. (i) The profit-maximizing quantity of tickets ...AP® Macroeconomics 2010 Free-Response Questions Form B The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations.3 Questions. Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. You may begin writing your responses before the reading period is over.Section 1: Multiple Choice. 55 questions 45% of Score. There are 5 sets of questions made up of 8–13 questions each. Questions include excerpts from prose fiction, drama, or poetry. Each excerpt is accompanied by several multiple-choice questions. There will be at least 2 prose fiction passages (this may include drama) and at least 2 poetry ...Get exam information and free-response questions with sample answers you can use to practice for the AP Macroeconomics Exam.The free response questions will more than likely ask you to draw multiple graphs. You will also have a suggested ten minutes before answering to develop coherent answers. These answers should be in the order of the parts of the questions, and answers to separate parts should be labeled as such. Graphs for the exam should be neat and able to be ...AP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is 6 points (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2) (a) 1 point • One point is earned for stating the actions that maximize the combined profits are for Patrick’s Pie to “Advertise” and for Dee’s Pizzeria to “Stay Out.” (b) 1 point • One point is earned for stating that neither firm has an incentive to cheat and for explaining that Dee’s 1 Macroeconomics Final Test Questions And Answers If you ally habit such a referred Macroeconomics Final Test Questions And Answers books that will pay for you worth, acquire the certainly best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. If you want to droll books, lots of novels, tale, jokes, and more fictions collections are nextAP® Macroeconomics 2007 Free-Response Questions The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other Definition. short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) a graphical model that shows the positive relationship between the aggregate price level and amount of aggregate output supplied in an economy. short-run. in macroeconomics, a period in which the price of at least one factor of production cannot change; for example, if wages are stuck at a certain ...2019 AP ® MICROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MICROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.AP ® Macroeconomics 2021 Free-Response Questions. MACROECONOMICS SECTION II . Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes See the AP Calculus AB and BC Course and Exam Description for details. However, students may bring any calculator on the list to the exam; any model within each series is acceptable. Only approved graphing calculators from the list are permitted for AP Calculus Exams. This list will be updated as necessary to include new approved calculators. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. You may begin writing your responses1 long free-response question (50% of section score) 2 short free-response questions (each worth 25% of section score) You’ll be asked to: Make assertions about economic concepts, principles, models, outcomes, and/or effects; Explain economic concepts, principles, models, outcomes, and/or effects; Perform numerical analysis and calculationsThis is the deadline for you to submit your AP Seminar Individual Research Report and Individual Written Argument performance tasks as final in the AP Digital Portfolio, and for your teacher to score all presentations. Add to Calendar. See Assessment Timeline. APRIL 30, 2024, 11:59 PM EDT.Form B. Assume that the economy of Meekland is in a long-run equilibrium with a balanced government budget. As consumer confidence falls, AD will decrease leading to a decrease in both price level and output lever. (b) If in one year the price index is 50 and in the next year the price index is 55, what is the rate of inflation.AP Macroeconomics Exam Date – AP Students | College Board. Friday, May 10, 2024 12 PM Local.Summary. Principles of Macroeconomics 3e covers the scope and sequence of most one semester introductory macroeconomics courses. The third edition takes a balanced approach to the theory and application of macroeconomics concepts. The text uses conversational language and ample illustrations to explore economic theories, and provides a wide ...AP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association isAP® Macroeconomics 2010 Free-Response Questions The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. Mar 1, 2022 · The free response questions will more than likely ask you to draw multiple graphs. You will also have a suggested ten minutes before answering to develop coherent answers. These answers should be in the order of the parts of the questions, and answers to separate parts should be labeled as such. Graphs for the exam should be neat and able to be ... AP Classroom55 questions 1hr 20mins 50% of Score. The multiple-choice section includes individual, single questions as well as sets of questions. You’ll be asked to: Describe, explain, and compare political concepts and processes. Apply Supreme Court decisions in real-life scenarios. Analyze data in graphs, charts, tables, maps, or infographics. The free-response questions come with their own strategy. The primary cause of a badly answered free response question is the lack of organization. You have 70 minutes to answer your questions. While most people think that the free response questions take a long time to answer, it does not have to be that way. The best strategy is to plan ahead.AP Calculus AB 2017 Free-Response Solutions Louis A. Talman, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Mathematics Metropolitan State University of Denver May 18, 2017 1 Problem 1 1.1 Part a The approximation with a left-hand sum using the intervals given is 50:32+14:43+6:55 = 176:3: (1) 1.2 Part bAP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association isUnit 1: Basic Economic Concepts. You’ll study the foundations of microeconomic thinking, including how to evaluate decisions based on constraints and trade-offs and make rational economic choices. Topics may include: Scarcity. Resource allocation and economic systems. The Production Possibilities Curve. Comparative advantage and gains from trade. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. AP ClassroomAP® Macroeconomics 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association isQuestion 1 . 10 points (2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1) (a) 2 points • One point is earned for drawing a correctly labeled graph showing a downward sloping aggregate demand (AD) curve, an upward sloping short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve, the equilibrium output levellabeled Y 1, and the equilibrium price level labeled PL 1.The free-response questions come with their own strategy. The primary cause of a badly answered free response question is the lack of organization. You have 70 minutes to answer your questions. While most people think that the free response questions take a long time to answer, it does not have to be that way. The best strategy is to plan ahead.AP® Macroeconomics 2010 Free-Response Questions The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations.AP Classroom2021: Free-Response Questions. Questions. Scoring. Samples and Commentary. Free-Response Questions - Set 1. Free-Response Questions - Set 2 . Scoring Guidelines - Set 1. Scoring Guidelines - Set 2. Chief Reader Report . Scoring Statistics - Set 1. Scoring Statistics - Set 2. Scoring Distribution. Sample Responses Q1 - Set 1. Sample Responses Q1 ... AP ® Macroeconomics 2021 Free-Response Questions . MACROECONOMICS . SECTION II Total Time—1 hour Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . 3 Questions . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the ... The AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to use algebra when solving problems related to Newtonian mechanics, energy, and more. You can use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator throughout the exam, and you will be provided ...This is the deadline for you to submit your AP Seminar Individual Research Report and Individual Written Argument performance tasks as final in the AP Digital Portfolio, and for your teacher to score all presentations. Add to Calendar. See Assessment Timeline. APRIL 30, 2024, 11:59 PM EDT.What is a good AP® Macroeconomics score? For all the Advanced Placement exams, a score of 3 or higher is a passing score. Specifically, the College Board defines a 3 as “qualified”, a 4 as “well qualified” and a 5 as “extremely well qualified.”. The “qualified” in these scores refers to whether or not a student is qualified to ...AP Biology. AP Chemistry. AP Environmental Science. AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based. AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based. AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. AP Physics C: Mechanics. May 12, 2021 · The 2021 AP Macroeconomics exam consists of 2 sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. The multiple-choice section is worth 66 percent of the exam score while the free-response section is worth 33 percent. (The percentages don’t add up to 100 percent, but these are the numbers posted on the College Board site.) Section IB: Short Answer. 3 questions 40mins 20% of Score. In the short-answer section, you’ll write answers to questions in your test booklet. Some questions include texts, images, graphs, or maps. Question 1 is required, includes 1–2 secondary sources, and focuses on historical developments or processes between the years 1754 and 1980. AP Calculus AB 2017 Free-Response Solutions Louis A. Talman, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Mathematics Metropolitan State University of Denver May 18, 2017 1 Problem 1 1.1 Part a The approximation with a left-hand sum using the intervals given is 50:32+14:43+6:55 = 176:3: (1) 1.2 Part bAP® Macroeconomics FRQ Tips 1. Know the best bets for the two short FRQs. More than likely, the two short free-response questions on the AP® Macro exam will include one of the following topics: Exchange rates, foreign exchange markets, determinants of exchange rates; Effect of a change in deposits in the banking system, using the money multiplierMay 12, 2021 · The 2021 AP Macroeconomics exam consists of 2 sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. The multiple-choice section is worth 66 percent of the exam score while the free-response section is worth 33 percent. (The percentages don’t add up to 100 percent, but these are the numbers posted on the College Board site.) AP Biology. AP Chemistry. AP Environmental Science. AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based. AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based. AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. AP Physics C: Mechanics. This is the deadline for you to submit your AP Seminar Individual Research Report and Individual Written Argument performance tasks as final in the AP Digital Portfolio, and for your teacher to score all presentations. Add to Calendar. See Assessment Timeline. APRIL 30, 2024, 11:59 PM EDT.Interpret and manipulate economic models in the context of an open, international market. Learn how how economic activity between nations must be facilitated by complex currency exchange markets. Explain the connections between macroeconomic variables and the international movement of goods, services, and financial capital.

AP Biology. AP Chemistry. AP Environmental Science. AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based. AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based. AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. AP Physics C: Mechanics. . Is atandt open on new year

ap macroeconomics 2021 free response questions set 1 answers

Subject Organization. Albert’s AP® Macroeconomics multiple choice questions (located in the Practice tab) and free response questions (located in the Free Response tab) are organized in accordance with the College Board’s 2020 AP® Macroeconomics Course and Exam Description into the following units: Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts. AP ® Macroeconomics 2021 Free-Response Questions . MACROECONOMICS . SECTION II Total Time—1 hour Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . 3 Questions . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the ... Mar 1, 2022 · The free response questions will more than likely ask you to draw multiple graphs. You will also have a suggested ten minutes before answering to develop coherent answers. These answers should be in the order of the parts of the questions, and answers to separate parts should be labeled as such. Graphs for the exam should be neat and able to be ... The AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to use algebra when solving problems related to Newtonian mechanics, energy, and more. You can use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator throughout the exam, and you will be provided ...AP® Macroeconomics 2011 Free-Response Questions Form B About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions.Question 1 . 10 points (2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1) (a) 2 points • One point is earned for drawing a correctly labeled graph showing a downward sloping aggregate demand (AD) curve, an upward sloping short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve, the equilibrium output levellabeled Y 1, and the equilibrium price level labeled PL 1.The AP® Macroeconomics exam is split into multiple choice questions and free response questions. So, in order to score big on your AP® Macro exam, you’ve got to score big on the AP® Macroeconomics multiple choice. This post is designed to help you do just that! In this post, you’ll find 6 helpful tips for your AP® Macroeconomics review.Question 1 . 10 points (2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1) (a) 2 points • One point is earned for drawing a correctly labeled graph showing a downward sloping aggregate demand (AD) curve, an upward sloping short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve, the equilibrium output levellabeled Y 1, and the equilibrium price level labeled PL 1.The AP® Macroeconomics exam is split into multiple choice questions and free response questions. So, in order to score big on your AP® Macro exam, you’ve got to score big on the AP® Macroeconomics multiple choice. This post is designed to help you do just that! In this post, you’ll find 6 helpful tips for your AP® Macroeconomics review. 2019 AP ® MACROECONOMICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS MACROECONOMICS Section II Total Time—1 hour . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—50 minutes . Directions: You are advised to spend the first 10 minutes reading all of the questions and planning your answers. You will then have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. 1. Know the format of the AP® Microeconomics exam. You will have 2 hours and 10 minutes to answer 60 multiple-choice questions and 3 free-response questions. The 70-minute multiple-choice section is worth 66% of your total exam score, while the 60-minute free-response section is worth 33% of your total exam score. 2. Be aware of the common ...Aug 18, 2023 · Economics Question 10. Download Solution PDF. If the actual unemployment rate is below the natural rate of unemployment, it would be expected that : The rate of inflation would increase. Wages would fall. Natural rate of unemployment will fall. Demands for goods and services will fall. Answers to Sample Long Free-Response Questions 1. Every society has the fundamental problem of scarcity. (A) What is scarcity? Scarcity exists because there are limited resources to fulfill unlimited wants. (B) What three questions must every society answer because of scarcity? What to produce and .

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